Lectures & Fragments

Gaius Musonius Rufus was a Roman Stoic philosopher of the 1st century AD. He has been referred to as the Roman Socrates and is also remembered for being the teacher of Epictetus. He taught philosophy in Rome during the reign of Nero and so was sent into exile in 65 AD, returning to Rome only under Galba. He was allowed to stay in Rome when Vespasian banished all other philosophers from the city in 71 AD although he was eventually banished anyway, returning only after Vespasian's death.

21 of his lectures survive together with a few fragmentary notes from others, all which are contained in this narration:

1. That There is No Need of Giving Many Proofs for One Problem

2. That Man is Born with an Inclination Toward Virtue

3. That Women Too Should Study Philosophy

4. Should Daughters Receive the Same Education as Sons?

5. Which is more Effective, Theory or Practice?

6. On Training

7. That One Should Disdain Hardships

8. That Kings Also Should Study Philosophy

9. That Exile is not an Evil

10. Will the Philosopher Prosecute Anyone for Personal Injury?

11. What means of Livelihood is Appropriate for a Philosopher?

12. On Sexual Indulgence

13. What is the Chief End of Marriage

14. Is Marriage a Handicap for the Pursuit of Philosophy?

15. Should Every Child that is Born be Raised?

16. Must One Obey One's Parents under all Circumstances?

17. What is the Best Viaticum for Old Age?

18. On Food

19. On Clothing and Shelter

20. On Furnishings

21. On Cutting the Hair

22-53. Fragments